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Fishing is the activity of catching fish. It is an ancient practice dating back at least 40,000 years. Since the 16th century fishing vessels have been able to cross oceans in pursuit of fish and since the 19th century it has been possible to use larger vessels and in some cases process the fish on board. Fish are normally caught in the wild. Techniques for catching fish include hand gathering, spearing, netting, angling and trapping. The term fishing may be applied to catching other aquatic animals such as shellfish, cephalopods, crustaceans, and echinoderms. The term is not usually applied to catching aquatic mammals, such as whales, where the term whaling is more appropriate, or to farmed fish. In addition to providing food, modern fishing is also a recreational sport. According to FAO statistics, the total number of fishermen and fish farmers is estimated to be 38 million. Fisheries and aquaculture provide direct and indirect employment to over 500 million people.〔(Fisheries and Aquaculture in our Changing Climate ) Policy brief of the FAO for the UNFCCC COP-15 in Copenhagen, December 2009.〕 In 2005, the worldwide per capita consumption of fish captured from wild fisheries was 14.4 kilograms, with an additional 7.4 kilograms harvested from fish farms.〔(FAO: Fisheries and Aquaculture )〕 ==Prehistory== Fishing is an ancient practice that dates back at least to the Upper Paleolithic period which began about 40,000 years ago.〔(African Bone Tools Dispute Key Idea About Human Evolution ) National Geographic News article.〕〔(Early humans followed the coast ) BBC News article.〕 Isotopic analysis of the skeletal remains of Tianyuan man, a 40,000-year-old modern human from eastern Asia, has shown that he regularly consumed freshwater fish.〔Yaowu Hu Y, Hong Shang H, Haowen Tong H, Olaf Nehlich O, Wu Liu W, Zhao C, Yu J, Wang C, Trinkaus E and Richards M (2009) ("Stable isotope dietary analysis of the Tianyuan 1 early modern human" ) ''Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences'', 106 (27) 10971-10974.〕〔(First direct evidence of substantial fish consumption by early modern humans in China ) ''PhysOrg.com'', 6 July 2009.〕 Archaeological features such as shell middens,〔(Coastal Shell Middens and Agricultural Origasims in Atlantic Europe ).〕 discarded fish bones and cave paintings show that sea foods were important for survival and consumed in significant quantities. During this period, most people lived a hunter-gatherer lifestyle and were, of necessity, constantly on the move. However, where there are early examples of permanent settlements (though not necessarily permanently occupied) such as those at Lepenski Vir, they are almost always associated with fishing as a major source of food. Spearfishing with barbed poles (harpoons) was widespread in palaeolithic times.〔Guthrie, Dale Guthrie (2005) (''The Nature of Paleolithic Art.'' ) Page 298. University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0-226-31126-0〕 Cosquer cave in Southern France contains cave art over 16,000 years old, including drawings of seals which appear to have been harpooned. The Neolithic culture and technology spread worldwide between 4,000 and 8,000 years ago. With the new technologies of farming and pottery came basic forms of the main fishing methods that are still used today. From 7500 to 3000 years ago, Native Americans of the California coast were known to engage in fishing with gorge hook and line tackle.〔King 1991, pp. 80-81.〕 In addition, some tribes are known to have used plant toxins to induce torpor in stream fish to enable their capture.〔Rostlund 1952, pp. 188-190〕 Copper harpoons were known to the seafaring Harappans〔Ray 2003, page 93〕 well into antiquity.〔Allchin 1975, page 106〕 Early hunters in India include the Mincopie people, aboriginal inhabitants of India's Andaman and Nicobar islands, who have used harpoons with long cords for fishing since early times.〔Edgerton 2003, page 74〕 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「History of fishing」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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